$lib = @"
        [DllImport("/opt/cprocsp/lib/amd64/libcapi20.so.4.0.5", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
        public static extern bool CryptAcquireContextA(
            ref IntPtr phProv,
            string pszContainer,
            string pszProvider,
            uint dwProvType,
            Int64 dwFlags
        );

        [DllImport("/opt/cprocsp/lib/amd64/libcapi20.so.4.0.5", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
        public static extern bool CryptGetProvParam(
            IntPtr hProv,
            uint dwParam,
            byte[] pbProvData,
            ref uint pdwProvDataLen, 
            uint dwFlags
        );

        [DllImport("/opt/cprocsp/lib/amd64/libcapi20.so.4.0.5", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
        public static extern bool CryptGenKey(
            IntPtr phProv,
            int Algid,
            int dwFlags,
            ref IntPtr phKey
        );

        [DllImport("/opt/cprocsp/lib/amd64/libcapi20.so.4.0.5", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
        public static extern bool CryptDestroyKey(
            IntPtr hKey 
        );

        [DllImport("/opt/cprocsp/lib/amd64/libcapi20.so.4.0.5", CharSet = CharSet.Auto, SetLastError = true)]
        public static extern bool CryptReleaseContext(
            IntPtr phProv,
            int flags
        );
"@

Add-Type -MemberDefinition $lib -Namespace PKI -Name CSP

[IntPtr] $phProv = [IntPtr]::Zero
[PKI.CSP]::CryptAcquireContextA(
    [ref]$phProv,
    $null,
    "Crypto-Pro GOST R 34.10-2012 Cryptographic Service Provider",
    80,
    (0xf0000000)
) | Out-Null
[byte[]]$pbProvData = $null
[int]$pbProvDataLen = 0
$flag = [PKI.CSP]::CryptGetProvParam($phProv, 0x16, $pbProvData, [ref]$pbProvDataLen, 0x1)
$algs = [System.Collections.ArrayList]::new()
while ($flag) {
    $algInfo = "" | Select-Object AlgName, DefaultLength, MinLength, MaxLength, Protocols, LongName, AlgID
    #Получаю байтики
    $pbProvData = [byte[]]::new($pbProvDataLen)
    $flag = [PKI.CSP]::CryptGetProvParam($phProv, 0x16, $pbProvData, [ref]$pbProvDataLen, 0x2)
    if ($flag -eq $false) {
        break;
    }
    
    # Начинаю парсить вывод согласно https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/wincrypt/ns-wincrypt-prov_enumalgs_ex
    $NameLength = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($pbProvData[20..23],0)
    $algInfo.AlgName = [System.Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetString($pbProvData[24..(24 + ($NameLength - 2))])
    $LongNameLength = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($pbProvData[44..47],0)
    $algInfo.LongName = [System.Text.Encoding]::ASCII.GetString($pbProvData[48..(48 + ($LongNameLength - 2))])
    $algInfo.DefaultLength = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($pbProvData[4..7],0)
    $algInfo.MinLength = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($pbProvData[8..11],0)
    $algInfo.MaxLength = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($pbProvData[12..15],0)
    $algInfo.Protocols = $pbProvData[16..19]
    $algInfo.AlgID = [System.BitConverter]::ToInt32($pbProvData[0..3],0)
    [void]$algs.Add($algInfo)
    
}
$algs | Format-Table | Out-Host
[PKI.CSP]::CryptReleaseContext($phProv, 0) | Out-Null

AlgName             DefaultLength MinLength MaxLength Protocols    LongName                             AlgID
-------             ------------- --------- --------- ---------    --------                             -----
GR 34.11-2012 256             256       256       256 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST R 34.11-2012 256                32801
GR 34.10-2012 256             512       512       512 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST R 34.10-2012 256                11849
DH 34.10-2012 256             512       512       512 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST R 34.10-2012 256 DH             43590
DH 34.10-2012 256             512       512       512 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST R 34.10-2012 256 DH             43591
GOST 28147-89 MAC              32         8        32 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST 28147-89 MAC                    32799
GR 34.12-15 M                 256       256       256 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST R 34.12-2015 64 Magma           26160
GR 34.12-15 K                 256       256       256 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST R 34.12-2015 128 Kuznyechik     26161
GR 34.13-15 M MAC              64         8        64 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST R 34.13-2015 64 Magma MAC       32828
GR 34.13-15 K MAC             128         8       128 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST R 34.13-2015 128 Kuznyechik MAC 32829
GR34.11-12 256 HMAC           256       256       256 {0, 0, 0, 0} GOST R 34.11-2012 256 HMAC           32820